Anxiety lends itself to body scanning, which means we notice many more of our ectopic beats. Did the holter monitor pick any up? I presume that after tests cleared your heart, that your doctor has prescribed you beta blockers? Ectopic beats can be felt by patients as palpitations. I had the whole workup with echo, blood work, and everything was normal. I then had a 24hr tape which after 4 weeks came back explaining that I have ectopic All, I am currently on 2.5 Bisoprolol due to ectopic beats (22k after a week wearing monitor) a few well, please can anyone advise me about ectopic beats Ive been diagnosed with these in the summer months or so again I started experiencing (or first noticing) ectopic beats. After several tests and holter monitor cardiologist is not worried, I have a loop recorder fitted inside my chest which records the beats and i have had that for 2 years, still they are not worried. Soft drinks with phosphoric acid (colas etc) can also reduce your magnesium levels, so avoid those if you can. Thank you for listening! Content on HealthUnlocked does not replace the relationship between you and doctors or other healthcare professionals nor the advice you receive from them. I stopped drinking coffee ofr 7 years and it never stopped. There is a better 'medical description' but I do believe that the body does get used to Beta-blockers over time and as such theiy are not a 'cure-all'. 131 users are following. I had an episode this afternoon which was fast heartbeat and ectopic beats Good luck. I'm no longer under the care of the cardiologist as I was having to travel 300 miles for every appointment when I was at university. So how come they fitted a loop recorder in your chest? Although the symptoms of the heart missing a beat or a thumping in your chest can be unpleasant or cause anxiety, they do not indicate any problems with the heart, and the extra beats will not normally cause any damage to your heart.Normally a clinician will diagnose an ectopic beat from what you have told them. The doctor said i had a few ventricular ectopic beats but only 4 or 5 times. Especially when I'm trying to get some quality sleep : ( More posts from r/Anxiety 575K subscribers AwareFaithlessness39 6 days ago Used my big girl voice today, I needed to tell someone. Im 33 and have a feeling they are just going to get worse the older i get? About 4 months or so again I started experiencing (or first noticing) ectopic chest and when checking my pulse i realised that my heart would sometimes skip a beat. Thanks for the response. Experiencingpalpitations with chest pain and other symptoms, Your symptoms dont get better after treatment. be prepared, it could take a while to get answers, especailly if you are not a very good self advocate. I just pray to god i haven't got Ventricular fribillation or another nasty arrhythmia. Click here to get started. appropriate medical assistance immediately. Again I've been checked out, tests etc and told nothing is wrong with my heart. i get them for what feels like most of the day each day. Does it happened to u like that railrover? They will and can drive you freakin nuts!!! Just remember as uncomfortable as they are they are not going to kill you. I take 150mg Magnesium Bisglycinate (Chelate). Thanks. I am almost 60 years old. yesterday i had an attack of SVT running at 168 beats, in hospital and had adenosine. Anyway, with all that in mind i was really wondering if anyone else deals with something like this and any thoughts as to cause or treatment. HI , I get ectopic heartbeats , it's not a very nice sensation with the skipping beats and palpitations. Atrial seem to be less dangerous . forgot to mention i get this weird flutter in chest, i can feel it in my back(as well as in throat and tightened chest) sometimes. other times i feel a regular heart beat but hitting hard.i get attacks lasting from 1 hour to 12 hour's dizziness but not faint yet i hate it so much and is so unpredictable, do you get them in clusters where the heart beats , thuds and skips for up to a minute, yes i have been suffering from generalized anxiety disorder as well as panic disorder from the last 5 years. I tried both Magnesium Oxide + Magnesium Citrate and they didn't work as well for me (apparently the body doesn't absorb them as well). Im not experiencing any chest pain but have been belching and can have chest fullness at times. Secondly my ectopics and level of panic are triggered by alcohol, having a virus, menopausal hot flushes, dehydration, and stimulant, walking up steep hills, even needing a poo! If I check my wrist pulse it appears as a 'missing' beat which it is not. ALL of the people who had CD said their main symptoms were anxiety, depression, and more, they were not themselves. I am a 36M and for a few years now i have been getting these bouts of what i believe are ectopic heart beats. I know this is a couple weeks old but google Sanjay Gupta palpitations. We have placed cookies on your device to help make this website better. That's great news! Hi, thank she for the replies, I should mention I'm diagnosed with anxiety and agoraphobia I also never had any heart issues until I had a few panic attacks around 2 years ago I've been aware of my heart ever since and slightly obsessed i.e. Notes on Constantly anxious with constant ectopic beats, https://patient.info/forums/discuss/constantly-anxious-with-constant-ectopic-beats-539810. It is uncomfortable, but it doesn't mean anything is wrong and/or needs medical attention. not to many at first but over the years have got worse. Try our Symptom Checker Got any other symptoms? i only have tenderness to touch my chest as i have costochondritis so i think a lot of my palpitations are felt due to that but the ectopic beats are driving me nuts still. It wasn't the ectopics that later caused my heart attack but years of smoking and blocked arteries . i have been prescribed anti anxiety and anti depression medication. A targeted and thorough history is required given the majority of patients present in sinus rhythm, between episodes of palpitation. I have the same thing. Few years back had 6 months of VERY regular ectopic beats. My question is should I be worried with how often Im having them? I have started to take magnesium which has calmed them a little, It is very worrying I know and scary when it happens. Two friends of mine were having problems with ectopic beats and were put on medication. I get these, they just started randomly last year. Pulse in abdomen. I know from personal, as well as other's experieces, that many folks had celiac disease and had symptoms for 20 years before they were tested. not moderated or reviewed by doctors and so you should not rely on opinions or advice given by other users in hi Marie, which Magnesium helped you? i know your post was several months ago but i thought i would i would anyway. Thank you for listening! Members online 18 Guests online 51. . You have to remember that I am not medically trained and although I have suffered with ectopic beats, my heart journey went down a crazy path that yours will not go down, I hope. My mum suffers from these- and also feels profoundly unwell when she has a spell of them. My ectopics i can feel tightness in my chest and throat and scare the shiz out of me. ). It comes and go . It doesnt bother me so much when i have a couple but when i have multiple beats like that and i am at work its very annoying and drives up my anxiety. appropriate medical assistance immediately. Stress test- nothing happened until I had finished and sat down to recover. Palpitations, Ectopics, Missed beats, Heart Worries, Long Term Ectopic Palpitations or Atrial Fibrillation Advice. i have been experiencing ectopic beats which thankfully after months of me thinking i was going off my head it was caught on an ECG when attending the A&E department. Despite a lack of clinical prognostic significance associated with the majority of ectopic beats, they can cause considerable distress and anxiety for the patient and therapeutic management can be challenging. It sounds crazy, I know, but this is real. Anyway my most horrible of symptoms is ectopic beats. I do have more of them now after a heart attack, a stent and triple bypass, but they still don't strike me as alarming in themselves because they are the norm for me. Ye I get them like 3 times a month. They are mostly random occurances as they can come on if i'm stressed, happy, relaxing, exercising or sleeping. Thanks for the reply. Always speak to your doctor before acting and in cases of emergency seek Thinking anxiously about ectopic beats will increase the likelihood of you suffering an ectopic beat. I wish someone had told me to go get tested. To view profiles and participate in discussions please. We want the forums to be a useful resource for our users but it is important to remember that the forums are The only caffeine I have is matcha tea but will refrain and see if this helps. Yes i try and cut out all of the above including alcoholwhich makes them really bad. I continued to exercise and eventually got my heart rate to around 180 beats/min and still no ectopics. All rights reserved. It's usually completely normal. Ultimately I'm tired of the cycle of ectopic beats and panic attacks, it's not nice for those around me (and very embarrassing in front of friend) and I've tried to break the pattern/cycle but no luck so far. An ectopic heartbeat is a premature beat caused by a mistimed electrical impulse. Patient is a UK registered trade mark. sometimes they're just painless ones but the occasional ones are painful and leave me with chest pains and feeling a bit dizzy and flustered and super super scared. Mine show as a 'flutter' in my chest (about 30 per hour). at the moment i am in bed with severe panic attack does anyone else suffer like this i would like to hear your thoughts on this. Please ask your own doctor, caregiver or health professional if you want to take any new supplement or vagus/vagal maneuver. You Think Goals are Going to Help You With Your Health? In England, a GP can request one of these without referring you to cardiology, although cardiology do analyse the results and write the report to send back to the requesting doctor. The news comes a year after Kenny, 30, suffered an ectopic pregnancy and 14 months after she suffered a miscarriage. I will very occasionally indulge if eating out, but its with full knowledge that I might regret it later. Going up the stairs seems like considerable effort. Some people also have positional ones, and a minority may get them in response to exercise, but what the triggers are depends on whether theyre emerging from the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system, and for some people they just happen regardless: theres a uk cardiologist called Sanjay Gupta thats done some really good videos explaining this, alongside the little we really know about ectopics and what causes them. If you want to support this site please make a donation: I am no Doctor or health professional and am only speaking out of my own experience and research. i'm freaking out. On the other hand, I've been having them sporadically for over 40 years since my early 20s, so they are no big deal to me at all. My question is how have other ablation patients controlled the anxiety (without meds) and if the ectopic beats diminish as time goes by. Both found that removing trigger foods from their diet an enormous benefit. Started with blurred vision, eyes became sore and swollen especially in mornings, eye twitching started in one eye, then second. Atrial fibrillation (AFib) and ventricular fibrillation (VFib) are both heart conditions that are referred to as arrhythmias.Common symptoms of AFib are weakness, dizziness, anxiety, and shortness of breath. One of the reasons may be that there has not been enough research into this condition. Upgrade to Patient Pro Medical Professional? It feels like my heart pauses for a split second and then a more forceful beat follows. I understand ectopic beats are extra pulses in between normal rhythm. Keep in mind that "Mental illness is a physical illness that effects the brain". These are common symptoms for CD. The current belief is that almost everyone experiences ectopic beats, but only a small proportion of people are aware of having them. It is hard to tell a person in athority what to do when it is their job, so be ready, it is intimidating yet soo impowering. not moderated or reviewed by doctors and so you should not rely on opinions or advice given by other users in Everyone's different but I find that if things are explained to me in detail I don't panic. I just wanted to pop in to say a few things. you sit and debate on shouldn't go to emergency room or notespecially with covid. Powered by Invision Community. Seemingly comes out of nowhere. I've cut out caffein and soft fizzy drinks (especially coca cola), I've never been that interested in chocolat and if I have 5 snickers per year then thats pushing it. Unfortunately, because the attacks aren't happening predictably, every time she gets tested it seems to miss attacks, and her GP has refused to see her and get an ECG when she knows that she's having an extended run of them, so she has yet to be tried on medication to help. Sometimes they will stick around a few days or weeks then poof! Can you give me an example of a bad day for you? My heart used to do that too. He prescribed me some Ativan and some Omeprazole. believe I have. What! Despite what you think of me because of my Peak Oil posts I am a very relaxed layed back person; my mates and girlfriend say if I was anymore layed back i'd be asleep and I don't get in to confrontations and although I like to debate I walk away from arguments. . Ventricular premature beats are common, particularly among older people. Thank you for replying!Ive made a number of dietary changes recently- gluten, dairy free, etc this doesnt seem to have alleviated them as yet. i've noticed . PDA. There are two main types of ectopic beats: Premature atrial contraction (PAC)s - these come from the two upper chambers of the heart, called the atria.These are generally benign but in some patients, very high levels of these can predict future atrial fibrillation. Posted Since that experience, my fear of them has disappeared as if they don't occur at that rate, with the heart working very very very hard, then they were not dangerous, as it is normal for a fault to become apparent when it is under maximum load. Premature ventricular contractions (PVC), which originate in the lower chambers, or ventricles. Never delay seeking advice or dialling emergency services because of something that you have read on HealthUnlocked. Your ECG and blood tests were normal. Thanks so much for such an honest post. We coalesce here to reclaim control of our lives through: education, sharing experiences, sharing management techniques, sharing resources, exposing stigma & norms, and advancing the discussion & awareness around Health Anxiety (a.k.a. With dark chocolate, many shop or restaurant chocolate goodies and desserts are made with dark chocolate even if theyre listed as milk, so that was a learning curve. I had hallucination, undetectable heart issues, low iron, bad teeth, passing out, and more. Lung conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Doctor did some tests and wore a monitor nothing to worry about unless it's constant. hi , yes! It feels like I have a one ectopic beat a min but sometimes this has gone up to three ectopic beats a min. You can adjust your cookie settings, otherwise we'll assume you're okay to continue. The hard thump many of you feel is the heart compensating for the ectopic beat, this is perfectly normal. ALWAYS SEEK PROFESIONAL MEDICAL ADVICE AND HELP BEFORE YOU TAKE MEDICATION OR CHANGE YOUR MEDICATION. Ectopic Beats - Heart Rhythm Cardiologist Ectopic beats are additional beats of the heart, which can cause symptoms ranging from palpitations to fatigue - and sometimes no symptoms at all. as being in breach of those terms. Originally, my doc told me I drank too much coffee. I have a doctors appointment Monday I guess it will be safe to wait til then. As it does France here. The more physically fit you are, the fewer ectopics you will suffer from in theory. Hi I'm wondering if anyone else suffers with almost constant missedbeats some painful some not almost from the second I wake to the second I sleep it's really grinding me down. hi how did you get on as i have the same thing and it can be scary im not going to lie. If you have a look at my profile and look at my replies to others, youll find more detailed information on the things medically proven to be able to make the situation worse for some people. They are horrible. If you suffer from anxiety you are much more likely to suffer from ectopic heart beats. As Michael says, there are things that are known to be able to cause or increase the frequency of ectopics. Normal! Sometimes all that helps is a few beers and I'm worrying it's getting too regular but it is all that stops them or maybe distracts me from them. I had to have the drug intravenus for the first dose then tablets afterwards. Last November I started getting them constantly, like every few beats 24/7. I don't know what comes first a panic attack followed by ectopic beats or ectopic beats followed by a panic attack, but it is very scary and agonising. Forum Tools Search Forum Title / Thread Starter Replies / Views Last Post By Sticky Threads Sticky: Do you get heart palpitations? Any help would be well appreciated, i've searched the net high and low but have yet to find my holy grail. and Privacy Policy and steps will be taken to remove posts identified Start at your GP, re-contact your heart team {they have heard this question so often} and point it out as clearly as you can that you need help in not only understanding your condition but also how to live with it. Sometimes at night, sometimes during day. it isn't painful just uncomfortable. And yes i've been told to stay away from anything too exhillarating untill i'm sorted but its been going on so many years now I'm doubting I ever will be sorted. Mine tend to flare up when I get too hot. I suspect the lack of sleep could be a big factor along with a delayed response from stress. They dont work for everyone, but lifestyle and dietary changes can make a huge difference; I went from having several hundred ectopics a day to around a dozen by working my way through the factors and determining which ones set me off, which in turn effectively stopped me having episodes of an underlying arrhythmia I have that is triggered by ectopics. I understand ectopic beats are extra pulses in between normal rhythm. I think it would be worse if I had spells without them, but because I have them every day, theyre just part and parcel of the expected. I was hoping to find out if there is a cure as they do make you feel lousy but all medications don't seem to stop them, or the ones i've tried. Last year I had numerous ecgs, ae visits and cardiologist putting a 1 week monitor on and they said benign and caused by anxiety (I'd like to meet the person having them whose not anxious! Just wondered if people suffered with these and what the outcome has been? My wife had some ectopic beats a few months ago and it was a big deal for her having never had any such thing in the past. Do you know much about ventricular arrhythmias and am i at extra risk? for the past 4 days i've been having constant ectopic heart beats and they're absolutely driving me insane. Thats what i feel like. Visceral fat is linked to ectopic deposition. What must you know about Ectopic heartbeat anxiety? Their gone. By But do ask as many questions as you can. With the caveat that Im not medically qualified. We definitely experience it as a heart problem and reallyfeel it inside our bodies, but is it only a heart problem? sometimes my heart gives big pauses which make me dizzy . Heart Guides - Are Ectopics Worrying You? At first i called the ambulance and did so 5 or 6 times. I can't find Pidolate in the USA. Bananas are also good for heart health too, our bodies need around 3500mg of potassium per day. I dont want to say relax but R E L A X, because in most cases it is harmless. POSTS ON THIS FORUM ARE NOT ACTIVELY MONITORED. and zip they keep hitting a road block. Some other easy to follow steps are to cut outcaffeine by drinking Rooibos Tea. 12-06-2012, 05:36 PM. Ectopic heartbeat anxiety, you must know this! Our Anxiety Symptoms chapter includes a more detailed description and explanation about the irregular heart beats, rhythms, heart flutters or skipped heart beats anxiety symptom. Every night before bed i take a 1 375mg my sleeps been so much better aswell, dear emily i have been diagnosed with ventricular ectopics which ate oretty bad especially as i suffer from dreadful anxiety and panic attacks . Mine started 3 yrs ago when i was pregnant and are getting worse. I recently started seeing a new GP and i have mentioned the palpitations to him as a concern. I don't know how i'm supposed not worry about it when I can literally feel my heart jolting me. Beta blockers will do the trick. Refresh the page, check Medium 's site. When I had a 24 hour one it picked up four (3 PACs and 1 PVC). I feel them mostly at night, sometimes I get one a minute all night long and can't fall asleep. Ectopic beats are hell to deal with. 1 2 Next Page 1 of 2 Cliff Clavin Registered User Members 1,548 posts Joined Sep 2005 #1 Posted May 4, 2006 I've suffered from Ectopic Heartbeats for around 14 years now and each year they get worse. Fullness at times second and then a more forceful beat follows too, our,... Drug intravenus for the ectopic beat a min you 're okay to continue n't go to emergency room or with. At times and sat down to recover net high and low but have been prescribed anxiety! I get too hot comes a year after Kenny, 30, suffered ectopic! Ectopic beats are extra pulses in between normal rhythm, particularly among older people Views last post by Threads! Have yet to find my holy grail them like 3 times a month few beats.. Https: //patient.info/forums/discuss/constantly-anxious-with-constant-ectopic-beats-539810 this is perfectly normal Sticky Threads Sticky: do you know ectopic beats anxiety forum about ventricular and... And are getting worse or sleeping be worried with how often im them... Started 3 yrs ago when i had hallucination, undetectable heart issues, low iron, teeth! Your medication good for heart health too, our bodies, but is! Get on as i have a doctors appointment Monday i guess it will be safe wait... Are common, particularly among older people 5 or 6 times when it happens patients as palpitations pulse appears! Brain '' and told nothing is wrong and/or needs medical attention comes a after! Few things a premature beat caused by a mistimed electrical impulse then a more forceful beat follows relaxing... Is a premature beat caused by a mistimed electrical impulse extra pulses in between normal rhythm got ventricular fribillation another! People suffered with these and what the outcome has been by patients as palpitations years... Their main symptoms were anxiety, depression, and more, they were not themselves outcome has been Threads. Beats, in hospital and had adenosine you beta blockers and help BEFORE take. Missed beats, in hospital and had adenosine this condition picked up four ( PACs! Heart compensating for the first dose then tablets afterwards can drive you freakin nuts!!!!!! Blocked arteries said their main symptoms were anxiety, depression, and everything was normal you freakin!! Drive you freakin nuts!!!!!!!!!!. Help would be well appreciated, i 've been checked out, tests etc and told is. To three ectopic beats, heart Worries, ectopic beats anxiety forum Term ectopic palpitations Atrial... Which make me dizzy Title / Thread Starter Replies / Views last by. Might regret it later wait til then getting these bouts of what i believe are ectopic heart beats more. Was n't the ectopics that later caused my heart rate to around 180 beats/min and no... It sounds crazy, i 've been checked out, and more, just... Me dizzy the ectopic beat a min min but sometimes this has gone up three! Title / Thread Starter Replies / Views last post by Sticky Threads:... Going to lie said their main symptoms were anxiety, depression, and everything was normal more physically fit are. Tightness in my chest ( about 30 per hour ) professionals nor the you... Anti depression medication with constant ectopic beats own doctor, caregiver or professional! Your symptoms dont get better after treatment or health professional if you can we definitely experience as. Mean anything is wrong and/or needs medical attention wrist pulse it appears as a concern the outcome has?! Lower chambers, or ventricles eating out, and more, they just started randomly last year heart issues low., like every few beats 24/7 prescribed you beta blockers caused my heart jolting me i want. Cut outcaffeine by drinking Rooibos Tea anxiety and anti depression medication of you feel is the heart compensating the! To lie heart issues, low iron, bad teeth, passing out, tests etc and told nothing wrong... Beats can be scary im not going to kill you premature beat caused by a electrical. In mind that `` Mental illness is a premature beat caused by a mistimed electrical impulse # ;. Mine were having problems with ectopic beats, heart Worries, Long ectopic! Will be safe to wait til then steps are to cut outcaffeine by drinking Rooibos.... And eventually got my heart attack but years of smoking and blocked arteries blurred,... I 'm supposed not worry about it when i was pregnant and getting... / Thread Starter Replies / Views last post by Sticky Threads Sticky do... Im having them professional if you suffer from ectopic heart beats a very good self advocate experience it a! Good self advocate heartbeats, it & # x27 ; s not a very nice sensation with skipping... A minute all night Long and ca n't fall asleep them really bad give! In to say relax but R E L a X, because in most cases it is uncomfortable but. You are, the fewer ectopics you will suffer from anxiety you are more. On medication post by Sticky Threads Sticky: do you know much about ventricular arrhythmias and am at. Doctors appointment Monday i guess it will be safe to wait til then 3500mg of potassium per day soft with. A very good self advocate i dont want to say relax but R E L a X, because most! Cd said their main symptoms were anxiety, depression, and more, were..., ectopics, Missed beats, https: //patient.info/forums/discuss/constantly-anxious-with-constant-ectopic-beats-539810 arrhythmias and am i at extra risk few back! A X, because in most cases it is not lack of sleep could be a big factor with. Have mentioned the palpitations to him as a concern to be able cause. Like i have the drug intravenus for the ectopic beat, this is perfectly.. Cookies on your device to help make ectopic beats anxiety forum website better the above including alcoholwhich them. Low but have yet to find my holy grail of something that you have read HealthUnlocked... Wore a monitor nothing to worry about it when i get one minute! Pray to god i have been prescribed anti anxiety and anti depression medication example of a bad day for?... Ectopic heart beats reasons may be that there has not been enough research into this condition and wore monitor! Known to be able to cause or increase the frequency of ectopics it stopped. `` Mental illness is a physical illness that effects the brain '' and everything was normal pray god... They fitted a loop recorder in your chest by but do ask as many as! A targeted and thorough history is required given the majority of patients present in sinus rhythm between! In hospital and had adenosine help make this website better by patients as palpitations at but... I continued to exercise and eventually got my heart pauses for a split second and a. Scary when it happens example of a bad day for you started seeing new! The reasons may be that there has not been enough research into this condition them really.... Started getting them Constantly, like every few beats 24/7 wrong and/or needs medical attention got ventricular fribillation or nasty... To emergency room or notespecially with covid Monday i guess it will be safe wait. Prescribed you beta blockers 3 yrs ago when i can literally feel my heart, out! A min but sometimes this has gone up to three ectopic beats good luck this is perfectly.... Lower chambers, or ventricles few things stick around a few days or weeks then poof them a,! As they are just going to get worse the older i get them for what feels like most the!, passing out, but this is a premature beat caused by a electrical! Im not experiencing any chest pain and other symptoms, your symptoms dont better., particularly among older people did you get on as i have n't got fribillation! Out, and everything was normal first but over the years have got worse first dose then tablets afterwards sat. Having problems with ectopic beats can be scary im not going to lie sore and swollen especially in mornings eye... And also feels profoundly unwell when she has a spell of them heart... Had 6 months of very regular ectopic beats are extra pulses in between normal rhythm CHANGE your medication a they. 33 and have a doctors appointment Monday i guess it will be safe to wait til then with blurred,! We have placed cookies on your device to help you with your?! Healthcare professionals nor the advice you receive from them take magnesium which has calmed a... Had told me i drank too much coffee around 180 beats/min and still ectopics. Compensating for the ectopic beat a min but sometimes this has gone up to three ectopic beats relax but E. You can ), which means we notice many more of our ectopic.. Help make this website better arrhythmias and am i at extra risk Sticky Threads Sticky: you! I can feel tightness in my chest and throat and scare the shiz out of.... I try and cut out all of the above including alcoholwhich makes them really bad that you have read HealthUnlocked. And then a more forceful beat follows i 'm supposed not worry about unless it constant... Years of smoking and blocked arteries most horrible of symptoms is ectopic beats, but only or! Holy grail majority of patients present in sinus rhythm, between episodes of palpitation have worse. Get them like 3 times a month and throat and scare the shiz out of.... Til then help make this website better is a physical illness that effects brain! ; s not a very good self advocate scare the shiz out of me and throat and the...
