[5] This was met with chants of Sweet Grass, which would eventually become his name as a Chief in 1870. The Sweet Grass Reserve west of Battleford, Saskatchewan was named in his honor and is still functioning today. He worked with other chiefs and bands to participate in raids with enemy tribes. Morris then explained to the group that the Crown would create reserves for their people and would assist them in farming initiatives, without interfer[ing] with their present mode of living. Morris never explicitly discussed the concept of land cession. However, over-trapping forced tribes to move west to find suitable forest areas. There are 1,577 registered members, 537 of whom live on reserve. Medals, flags, and uniforms were presented as well as treaty payments. It is ours and we will take what we want. The Cree resoundingly approved of Pitikwahanapiwiyins statements, waving their hands and cheering. During this time Lacombe would become familiar with the Cree language and the culture, even writing a Cree dictionary in 1874. John A. Macdonald had to protect the west from American expansion after they bought Alaska in 1867 (Natural Resources Canada). At that time, they as well were facing low fur prices, and poor hunting and fishing. These included rights that indigenous people could hunt and fish and had provisions on their land. He was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. Amendments to the Indian Act in 1985 re-established Indian status to over 750 members of the band. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians but was killed about six months later. (Ray, Miller and Tough 133). [11] The Cree are divided into several different tribes in Saskatchewan and Alberta. [5][44] His brother believed that they had given too much to the government in the treaty. Treaty 6 was signed by Crown representatives and Cree, Assiniboine and Ojibwe leaders on 23 August 1876 at Fort Carlton, Saskatchewan, and on 9 September 1876 at Fort Pitt, Saskatchewan. Box 147 Gallivan, Saskatchewan S0M 0X0. In 1871, a delegation of Chiefs went to Fort Edmonton to meet with Chief Factor W.J. In the 1970s and 1980s, the Indian Association of Alberta and the Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations conducted reports that outlined elders views on the treaty and on the concept of land cession. We want you to be aware of the benefits, credits and requirements that apply to you. 1282 101 St, North Battleford, SK S9A 0Z8. A reserve was surveyed west of Battleford in 1884 for the melded band members, who sold hay and wood, and maintained gardens and livestock. [33] This land was not the HBC's to sell which is a problem that would occur several times to indigenous groups all over Canada. Christie, the officer in charge of the Hudsons Bay Company for the Saskatchewan District. He raised the stem to the heavens, then slowly turned to the north, south, east, and west - presenting the stem at each point. In another instance, Sweet Grass had invited the Blackfoot into his camp in an attempt to begin a long-standing peace with them. The Chiefs that were present waited for other Chiefs and their followers to arrive, but Big Bear, Sweetgrass, and Little Pine were hunting on the prairies at the time. We want you to stop the Americans from coming to trade on our lands, and giving firewater, ammunition, and arms to our enemies the Blackfeet. [55] Young Sweet Grass would eventually become chief and would name the new group the Sweetgrass First Nation in honour of his father. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Arthur J. Ray, Jim Miller and Frank Tough, Bounty and Benevolence: A History of Saskatchewan Treaties (2002). The perpetrators of the massacre would be apprehended and tried for murder and hung in 1885.[51]. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass); he was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. It belonged to no one man and could not be sold (, In 1871, a delegation of Chiefs went to Fort Edmonton to meet with Chief Factor W.J. This is unlikely, especially considering there is no specific mention of this in the commissioners notes and because this concept would have been completely foreign to the Plains Indigenous peoples, who had a different understanding of land ownership than the commissioners (see Indigenous Territory). The Constitution of the United States was drafted and ratified, and it came into force on March 4, 1789. [12] The name Cree represents a general ethnic group, however, there are several different tribes based on region and dialect. So they were not present during the negotiations. He suggested to Morris that the government needed to preserve what buffalo herds were left, so that they could all share equally. When Canada acquired the lands of the Hudsons Bay Company (HBC) in 1869 (see Ruperts Land), the Plains Indigenous peoples of present-day central Saskatchewan, including the Cree, Ojibweand Assiniboine, became concerned about the federal governments intentions with this land and with the Indigenous peoples who lived on it. Morris refused any other additions to the Treaty, and maintained that the terms of Treaty 6 were generous and acceptable. Afterward, there were many First Nations who were upset because of a lack of consultation with them during the negotiations. (. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. The University of Saskatchewan's main campus is situated onTreaty 6 Territory and the Homeland of the Mtis. This was met with approval from the people. Governor Morris addressed the crowd and asked Erasmus to interpret for him, Erasmus answered back, I act on behalf of the Chiefs; I am not employed by the government. McKay translated but was stopped when Chief Mistawasis stood up and said We are Plains Cree and demand to be spoken to in our language. Then Ballenden proceeded to translate, however, people in the back of the crowd complained they could not hear him, he tried to speak louder, choked and then sat down (Ray, Miller, and Tough 134). It is considered in present day that the medicine chest led to the concept of free health care. What was chief mistawasis Role in Treaty 6? Chief Minahikosis (Little Pine) and other Cree leaders of the Saskatchewan District were also opposed to the terms, arguing that the treaty provided little protections for their people. We Send these words by our Master Mr.Christie, in whom we have every confidence that is all., "Great Father, Let us be friendly. The next biggest problem comes from a lack of follow through on verbal agreements. Just before the Treaty party left Fort Pitt, Big Bear arrived and asked to speak with Morris. [29] The result of this factionalism was the revival of conflict between Sweet Grass's tribe and the Blackfeet. . In August 1876, among the first to arrive at Fort Carlton were Chiefs Ahatahkakoop, Mistawasis and their followers (, Gov. Trending. Aboriginal is an oversimplification that hides more meaning than it conveys. [2] Due to this, Sweet Grass was not Cree and was Crow. Charter prohibiting the use of force except in self defense. His mother was kidnapped during a war with the Cree from a tribe, which was located around Missouri. Issues arise from the mixed interpretations of the Treaty by both the Indigenous groups and the Government. An example of this would be when Sweet Grass and Big Bear assembled 18 Cree warriors that attempted to raid Blackfoot hunting territory. Chief Sweet Grass' legacy remains as the prime negotiator in the meetings for the signing of Treaty 6 before being integrated into Canadian society. However, Big Bear was found guilty of treason-felony by judge Hugh Richardson. Mistawasis further said, The prairies have not been darkened by the blood of our white brothers in our time, let this always be so. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Even though Big Bear publicly and consistently spoke against sighing treaties, by 1882 starving, he would sign Treaty 6. People die with maori race were relationships compromised by shared incredulity, treaty was the of written essay plans . Rather than promising schools on reserve, the only guarantee was that the government would pay the salary of teachers. It belonged to no one man and could not be sold (Christensen 146). Those who did began to move onto the reserve land and being affected by the agreements made in the treaty. Little Pine and Big Bear were opposed to Treaty negotiations because they believed that the buffalo could still be preserved and that there was a need to regulate the hunting of the buffalo from non-First Nations. [24] However, as European settlers came to the plains, that number dwindled significantly. Alexander Morris spoke to those present, promising to offer the same terms as at Fort Carlton. The fort was heavily stocked with provisions, which angered the staving Cree. The treaty boundaries extend across central portions of present-day Alberta and Saskatchewan. Who negotiated Treaty 6? Four days later, Morris met with the Duck Lake band. Fearing starvation and unrest, many of the initially hesitant chiefs signed adhesions to the treaty in the years to come, including Minahikosis (who signed in July 1879) and Mistahimaskwa (who signed on 8 December 1882 at Fort Walsh). The First Nations interpreted the loss of the buffalo to be the general famine covered under the famine clause of Treaty 6, and many observers in the North-West agreed. Sweet Grass had also requested that the government provide supplies as needed so that they may sustain themselves when traditional hunting was not an option. [3] Big Bear admired Sweet Grass for his bravery and guidance that he would often receive from his spiritual helper. Governor Morris considered the provisions the leaders had asked for and was willing to make some concessions, but he would not agree to all of them. Not all Plains Cree would sign the treaty at first, and many would become disillusioned after signing. [17], The position of chief within the Cree varied from tribe to tribe and each had varying levels of authority over the band. Treaty 6 peoples have also protected their treaty rights through land claims and lawsuits. Chief Mistawasis and Chief Ahtahkakoop represented the Carlton Cree. Chief Weekaskookwasayin (Sweet Grass) permitted Morris to explain those terms to the congregation. The treaty annuities are annual cash payments distributed by the Government of Canada to the descendants of the Indigenous peoples who signed the RobinsonSuperior and RobinsonHuron treaties and the Numbered Treaties. [21], Sweet Grass often worked closely with the fellow Cree chief Big Bear. [36] To be fair to Big Bear, he was mindful of what the government promised as he was not invited to the original negotiation and signing of Treaty 6. At this point, Young Sweet Grass would lead a fragment of the band to join with other Cree, who had signed Treaty 6. Sweet Grass very kind to the priest, and often wanted to discuss religion. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Throughout the 19th century, it appeared as though the federal government of Canada, situated in Ottawa, worked very hard to increase the dependency that aboriginal people had on it. [3] After being forced to set up camp along a river due to a snow storm, a member of their war party left to collect food and spotted a lone member of the Blackfoot on foot rounding up horses. 6 Recognition Day to commemorate the signing of the treaty in 1876. [19] The most vital contributions of a chief was to keep the peace during the day to day living by settling arguments between the other members of the band. Currently the band controls 20,354.6 ha of land, the largest block of which is located 26 km west ofNORTH BATTLEFORD. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass); he was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. Born about 1825 to the Cree/Ojibwa Chief Black Powder, Big Bear assumed power while still a young man after demonstrating his spiritual power and leadership qualities. (Dodson 14). Death. By the early 1870s, the plains First Nations were suffering. In the summer of 1875, messengers from the Canadian government came to Cree territory to inform them that the government would be coming to negotiate a Treaty with them the following summer of 1876. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians, but was killed about six months later. The Cree made it clear that they would not tolerate any trespassers on their lands. [43] As history has demonstrated, peace between the Blackfoot and the Plains Cree does not last very long. (Stonechild and Waiser 26) Living Sky School Division 509 Pioneer Avenue North Battleford, SK S9A 4A5 Canada office@lskysd.ca Eventually the Cree and Blackfoot negotiated peace and access to the Cypress hills." Chief James Seenum, a Woods Cree leader from Whitefish Lake requested a larger territory for his reserve, but he was denied (Stonechild and Waiser 24). . Mistawasis further said, The prairies have not been darkened by the blood of our white brothers in our time, let this always be so. John A. Macdonald did not want to go to war with the First Nations as the Americans were in the south to attain lands. To cede land (the act of cession) is to give up or surrender the authority to control and own that land. Our Legacy Treaties: Negotiations and Rights, Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada Typed Transcript of Treaty 6 Text, Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada Map of Canada in 1876, The Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations Learn More About Treaty 6 Indigenous Peoples, The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan Treaty 6. At the beginning of 1870, buffalo were plentiful within the plains. He was sentenced to three years at Stony Mountain Penitentiary in Manitoba and converted to Christianity during imprisonment. Commercial Photography: How To Get The Right Shots And Be Successful, Nikon Coolpix P510 Review: Helps You Take Cool Snaps, 15 Tips, Tricks and Shortcuts for your Android Marshmallow, Technological Advancements: How Technology Has Changed Our Lives (In A Bad Way), 15 Tips, Tricks and Shortcuts for your Android Lollipop, Awe-Inspiring Android Apps Fabulous Five, IM Graphics Plugin Review: You Dont Need A Graphic Designer, 20 Best free fitness apps for Android devices. The significance of the ceremony was an invitation to the Creator to witness the proceedings and provide guidance; it also signified that it committed the participants into telling the truth. The manager of the HBC post at Fort Carlton, Lawrence Clarke, wrote to government officials that same summer, alerting them that the Cree had also threatened to turn back telegraph workers who were trying to construct a line from Winnipeg to Edmonton. In the years of 1872 to 1875 there was pressure on the Canadian government from the First Nations in the prairies to address treaties. Mistawasis asked Pitikwahanapiwiyin, Have you anything better to offer our people? Pitikwahanapiwiyin did not respond to that question directly, but held firm in his beliefs that the treaty terms were unfair and inadequate. Morris promised the tools and animals needed to engage in farming, cash payments, ammunition, twine, schools, and presents to the Chiefs and Headmen. (Dodson 19), Honourable Alexander Morris, Lieutenent -Governor of Manitoba, North-WestTerritories (later Saskatchewan and Alberta) and Keewatin. [29] Naturally, this angered many indigenous communities who were more inclined to fight back than work with the government. Anthony Hall, Earth Into Property: Colonization, Decolonization, and Capitalism (2010). The treaty also provided twine and ammunition at a value of $1,500 per year, and agricultural implements, such as gardening tools, livestock, horses and wagons. [40] Sweet Grass had endeavored to maintain this peace even though many of his people resented it. What benefits did the Newcomers receive through Treaty Six? It is ours and we will take what we want.. Some were away, including Cree chief Mistahimaskwa (Big Bear). If more than themselves was frustrated and treaties when trust have worked among . After the raid, they moved back to the reserve with the captured supplies without another incident. Indigenous people relinquishing titles and privileges to land. Treaty 7 was signed in 1877. [24] In 1870, there were hundreds of thousands, which provided an immense amount of resources for the Cree to a point where they were able to only take the choice parts of the Buffalo. [54] Those who signed Treaty Six argue that understanding the treaty can only be understood when put into a context of the discussions that occurred during the treaty-making process. Created in 1993, the Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations represents the various band governments of Treaty 6. Included would be a medicine chest kept at the Indian Agents homes for the use of the First Nations but at the discretion of the Indian Agent. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. [24] Additionally, as the Hudson's Bay Company moved into the prairies, the fur trade offered an extremely important source of income and goods for the Cree. What is the difference between Treaty 6 and 7? Who signed treaty 11? Chief Beardy then refused to be part of the negotiations at Fort Carlton and Morris understood this would be a problem to the Treaty process for the Willow Cree(Stonechild and Waiser 11). Dempsey argues that if Mistahimaskwa had been present at the negotiations, the treaty commissioners would have likely had a more difficult time acquiring Indigenous approval of Treaty 6. In Cree culture, verbal agreements hold the same amount weight as any other agreements. The Sweetgrass First Nation is a Cree First Nation in Cut Knife, Saskatchewan, Canada. Chief Sweetgrass, a well respected leader was chosen to be the spokesman for the meeting with Christie (, In the years of 1872 to 1875 there was pressure on the Canadian government from the First Nations in the prairies to address treaties. Website Development Studio, Web Design by M.R. They wanted assurance of their spiritual and physical survival (Price 20). Medals, flags, and uniforms were presented as well as treaty payments. These agents were assigned to Indian reserves and bands and attempted to act as a liaison between the Government and First Nation communities. What was the outcome of Chief Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6? There were also village elders and warriors. Reverend McKay translated Big Bears words, and when Morris heard this he interpreted it to mean that Big Bear did not want to be hanged by the government. Signed in 1876, Treaty 6 was the agreement between the government of Canada and the Indigenous people living in parts of modern-day Saskatchewan and Alberta. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The band had instead sent a messenger to attend the negotiations. They created an iron alliance that enabled them to expand across the northern plains. The First Nations further negotiated terms not promised in earlier treaties, such as: the medicine chest and assistance in times of calamity and pestilence. Big Bear was adamant in his request to the government to create laws to regulate the hunting of the buffalo. Crf. [32] This type of thinking immediately damaged Indigenous communities as they were self-governing cultures that evolved much like any other. Why was Treaty 6 so important? [15] Sweet Grass spiritual helper was the mosquito, which he would often seek for guidance. This became one of many classic misinterpretations of the Treaty process as viewed in history. Battlefords Agency Tribal Chiefs Website Design by M.R. Governor Morris stated that there would be strong laws enforced through the North West Mounted Police. It does not store any personal data. Historians Arthur J. Ray, Jim Miller and Frank Tough have argued that this ceremony was significant to the Cree because it invited the Creator to provide guidance to the negotiators and to witness the treaty discussions. They felt the treaty did not do enough to protect the Cree 'way of life' and forced assimilation into European culture and 'way of life'. It was required to distinguish themselves during a war, as a provider, and as a generous giver to gain this position. The Indigenous leaders then held council for the rest of the day. It aims to protect treaty rights, support Indigenous self-government and assist in the socio-cultural, political, economic and spiritual advancement of their people. Historian Hugh Dempsey argues that Weekaskookwasayins acceptance of the treaty was likely influenced by Mistawasis and Ahtukuoops decision to sign Treaty 6, rather than a close reading of the treaty terms. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Although Treaty 6 was significant in advancing the settlement of the lands, First Nations faced difficult times ahead and the promises of Treaty were never fully realized to present day. There was much debate and discussions that took place with the First Nations participants, but the Queens representatives were eager to conclude the deal with the First Nations. He wanted to know why he was not notified of the meetings as he was out hunting on the plains. Signing up enhances your TCE experience with the ability to save items to your personal reading list, and access the interactive map. It was a tough decision to make. [7] The Shaman's decision would be based on a character or incident that they saw in their vision. Treaty 6 included terms that had not been incorporated into Treaties 1 to 5, including a medicine chest at the house of the Indian agent on the reserve, protection from famine and pestilence, more agricultural implements, and on-reserve education. In the west, Ruperts land was owned by the Hudsons Bay Company and the North West Territories was owned by the British Crown. When Treaty 6 was negotiated in 1876 between the Cree Nation and the Dominion of Canada on behalf of the British Crown, Big Bear was not summoned by Canada and arrived after the Treaty was concluded. Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote was chief from 1876 to 1883; but he was deposed in 1884, and Young Sweet Grass became chief. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass). We had a great starvation the past winter, and the smallpox took away many of our people, the old, young, and children. [31] These were just a few of the aspects that Sweet Grass worked with the government on. [18] Chiefs within Cree society were chosen by the consent of the band. [6] In the more easterly villages, the chief and council formally deliberated on serious theft and in murder. In the face of survival, the Cree started to assemble and meet with one another to discuss their approach to the government. Sweet Grass or Wikaskokiseyin was born in a Cree Camp in the area near Fort Pitt, Saskatchewan. 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