Privacy-Statement . Ancient chanted liturgy with congregation participating with clapping, ululation and rhythmic movements has been retained from that era. () = , 17. . () = () ., 10 - () = , 11 - ( ) = ( ) - ., 12 - () = , 9. . The resulting high morale in the school community helps the individual student to adapt himself to the hard work. : 1: - - - The activities of the priest, therefore, are limited to the rituals, which do not usually demand the understanding of the Scriptures. However, he follows the progress of his student daily, so no special tests are needed. In other words, the church is successfully bridging the transition from strictly traditional scholarship to a new, dynamic era where traditional learning and modern education will blend together to ensure the continuity of Ethiopias Christian heritage in the setting of modern world. Traditionally writing is not taught, since this was not needed in everyday life, unlike reading which is necessary for daily prayers and participating in the church service. The tradition began after the sixth century and is traditionally identified with Saint Yared.Through history, the Ethiopian liturgical chants have undergone an evolution similar to that of European liturgical chants. . = , 22. In some cases the Ethiopic catechetical book, the Aemade Mestir (Columnae Mister), particularly Mistere Sellassie (on the Trinity), is taught in Amharic. The office of a priest is particularly attractive to tenants or landless peasants, because a priest in his area enjoys privileges, and his office entitles him to possession of the land known as Semon land. (Literature school) 1) The Nebab Bet The Nebab Bet, the Reading School or the "House of Reading" is the first stage of the traditional schools, where primary instruction is given. = , 18. The teaching method allows the boy free activities and movements as illustrated below. The following illustration may make this clear. The Qne bet takes from three to five years. = , 6. When one of the students has mastered the hymn, he goes and sings before the teacher. ( ) = - ., 3. In the evening the pupils come to the house of the teacher, which is also at the same time the school itself All stand around the teacher while the lesson is given. In urban centres and roadside towns the Nebab bet has a new function today. The rest, including the teaching the traditions and service of the Church, is learned through daily experience in the parish itself. . [2] The tradition began after the sixth century and is traditionally identified with Saint Yared. " " " " }, Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress. [10], The musical notation (melekket) used for the chants, is not a typical notational system since it does not represent pitch or melody. First there is a prayer to be recited. . The function of an altar priest is limited to carrying out the rituals of the Mass and the Sacraments. . Senne 04 (June 11) | The Ethiopian Synaxarium, Senne 03 (June 10) | The Ethiopian Synaxarium, Senne 02 (June 09) | The Ethiopian Synaxarium, Senne 01 (June 08) | The Ethiopian Synaxarium, Ginbot 30 (June 07) | The Ethiopian Synaxarium. Now the child practices read learns to take much care over words that must be read to together, the accents, the pauses and the soft or hard pronunciations of the syllables. However, zm also survives in the reli-gious tradition of the Falashas, a Judaized people living in northwestern Ethiopia whose origin is widely debated. When the pupil knows the letters to some extent, he starts to practice reading a text. = , 21. The church school system, which is one of the oldest in Christendom, originated in the Aksumite Kingdom with the introduction of Christianity about the 4th century. In doing so, a mixed-method research approach with the convergent parallel design was employed. . = [ .. ], 3. 'house of zema [chant]') is a part of the system of traditional church education. ( . ) . Written by Professor Sergew Hable Sellassie and Professor Tadesse Tamerat The main interest and purpose of the school is, however, not to develop poetic and other aesthetic interests in the child or youth, but to enable him to carry out the Church rituals. = , 22. The church schools that have been described above provide the continuation of traditional education in Ethiopia. a) Fidel Instruction The student has to learn each sentence of the commentary by heart. [ ], 9. In the Zema bet, the following major discipline blocks are taught: (1) the Dggwa, (2) the Zmmare/Mwat, (3) Mzgb qddase/ Satat (not required for those who want to be ordained deacon and priest) and (4) Aqqwaqwam. The Qne bet teachers say that once the student has been taught the way of right thinking, he attains a position to express himself or to criticize oth- ers views. = , 4. For the authority of tradition in present day Ethiopia remains compelling and forceful. [ ], 7 - = - ., 8 - = , 3 - = - ., 5 - ( ) = ( ), 6 - () = ( ), 19. 13 - ( ) = . The usually strict demands of the teachers are accepted with out hesitation, because the wandering student has come to the school of his own free will and has willingly submitted himself to the authority of the teacher. This limitation of the enrolment is mainly due to the large number applicants and to an insufficient number of schools, so parents, especially those who do not need the labour of their children, are obliged to send their children to the Nebab bet as a first step to enrolment in a modern government school. There are Qene forms or models that the student has to master in order to be able to compose the Qene poems which are sung in different sections of the liturgy of the church or used to celebrate church and state ceremonials. 3. Each group sings from a single text, or one of the groups sings and the rest observe him. Wandering students usually come from farming and clerical families very few are from the higher classes. 81 2 . . As the main task of the session some Geez verbs are conjugated, and the proper usage of selected verbs and nouns is demonstrated by examples from different Qene verses composed by the teacher and advanced students on the spot. = , 24 - .= , 25 - . () = , 1. The following is a typical example of a Metsehaf Bet lesson. 2003-Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church -, 1. The commentaries of these teachings do not proceed under systematic theological or historical categories, but when each sentence or phrase of a text is interpreted, depending on the content, theological, moral and historical questions are raised, discussed, and developed. The last branch of the Metsehaf Bet is the Menekosat, the School of Commentaries on monastic literature. A publication of the EOTC, Your email address will not be published. 3) higher schools, namely b) Qene Bet . However, in rural districts, parents generally discouraged the education of girls, since their function is to be housewives, and for this role no formal education is felt to be necessary. = , 8 . Fewer young people are motivated to study in the higher church schools. c) Reading of the Psalm of David. When the teacher is convinced from his daily observations that his pupil had mastered the reading exercises, he lets him start to learn the reading of the Psalms. Last Checked: 01/18/2023. Zema means a pleasing sound, a song or a melody in Ge'ez,[1][3] the liturgical language of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. The Journal of Ethiopian Church Studies (JECS) is a high-quality peer-reviewed research journal that is published under the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Church Research Institute (EOTCRI) once a year. The place of instruction is usually a communal hut near the teachers dwelling known as the Mahber Bet, or simply in the open or under a tree. The canon law (Fetha Negest) as well as the calendar calculation (Bahre Hasab) are also studied here. Ethiopianorthodox.org The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. 1) Nebab Bet (Reading school) The methods of practicing the reading are those described under the Fidel Hawaria, namely, Qutir, Geez, Wurdnebab, and Nebab. The teacher either approves and gives the student a new assignment or orders further practice on the same text. The exercise of reading can be quite difficult for the beginner, particularly because the text is in Geez, a language no longer spoken and therefore far from the experience of the child. Its graduates become cantors of Ethiopian Orthodox (Twado) Church. A number of theological students have also progressed to further advanced studies abroad. Today the standardized table Aa, Bu, Gi, Da is much used, however, so that the pupil may learn even this by heart and only comes to distinguish the individual characters well after much practice. Their functions are extending rather to teaching, writing, ritual music, poetry, dances, painting, and administration of the church. The church school system has the following divisions: ( = ), 001. [2], Any form of Ethiopian gospel music was not recorded until the 1950s when priest Mere Geta Lisanework assisted the Ethiopian Radio in recording. In practice however, few fall into this category, and these few are not usually known as Debtera. [8], Ethiopian liturgical chants are based on both written and oral sources,[9] but the isolation of Ethiopia and the lack of source material make it difficult to reconstruct the exact history of Ethiopian church music. He can then practice reading different religious texts. . b) Reading lessons from religious books 6 It is accessible to students who have completed the nbab bet and, as a rule, the qddase bet. We shall not discuss here the historical development, but rather the educational activities of the schools, as we know them today in the country. ], 1. The leading teachers and scholars of the church, who are known as Debtera, are trained in the higher school. Ethiopian Orthodox Church school's curriculum and its ways of provision, assessment, code of conduct, methodology and the livelihood of Ye'qolo Temari. = , 11 - = , 12 - = , 13 - = , 14 - = , 15 - . . In the afternoon the session or Gubae takes place again. Traditional education derives its distinctive character from the unique Christian heritage of the country. Each Nebab Bet may have an average of 20 pupils. There are also other Qene types which are however not as widespread as the Samenna Worq. ], 2. Privacy-Statement . [10], Ethiopian Orthodox Christians form approximately 43.5% of the population of modern day Ethiopia. He may be called upon to read and write letters. .. In the just completed Ethiopian year, it managed to get all its 8, 10, and 12 graders pass school leaving examinations.The School ranked 1st out of private schools in Addis Ababa and was awarded three cups as well as one big cup for being a general winner. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church has crucial role to disseminate traditional ancient educational system of Ethiopia to read Old and New Testaments in Ge'ez since Axumite period in 330 AD. With the expansion of the Kingdom and Christianity to the south and southwest, churches and monasteries were founded, which became for centuries important centers of learning. () = , 31. This is considered one of the most important events in the life of the pupil. = , 28. The educational system in Ethiopia has been profoundly molded by the past. [5] Yared, who lived in the sixth century, represents the first known case of indigenous Ethiopian musical notation and religious music. = [ ], 3. [ . ], 30. The main courses of study are in church music, church poetry, and religious literature, each divided according to content of instruction. . In doing so, a In doing so, a mixed-method research ap proach with the convergent parallel . This does not include pupils receiving instruction in the village schools and in private compounds. DEBESEY() : https://youtu.be/1MXnDADblAs5. [8] One important reason memorization is so stressed all through the Church Schools is that writing materials were traditionally not well developed. = , 21. ADE EYESUS ( ) : https://youtu.be/Kg9KflxOW5M8. This is particularly important for those students who plan to continue on the higher learning, since passages from the Psalms are used frequently in the hymns and poems of the church. The students listen attentively and try to remember the comment word for word. ( ) :: . As a next step to help him distinguish individual letters, he is led to pronounce each letter reading from right to left and then from top to bottom. .. = , 20. The child, who is led by his teacher or a monitor, touches with a straw each letter from left to right of the table and names the letter in a loud voice. = , 1. [ ], 9. = ( ) - ., 3. (..). ( ) = , 4. () = , 20. [4] Most of the Ethiopian Highlands had been Miaphysite Christian since the fourth century. The same process is repeated for several days or even months. One of the group reads a sentence or a phrase. The child uses four methods to practice reading this text known as Fidel Hawaria or the first Epistle of St. john, first he pronounces every letter of the word pointing at each letter with a straw (Qutir-method). The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church had been administratively part of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria from the first half of the 4th century until 1959, when it was granted autocephaly with its own patriarch by Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria, Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church. The lessons advance in this manner day after day until the student finishes the fixed text of the hymn and knows it by heart. . MARYAM () : https://youtu.be/6I1ujFtU0CciTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/album/id14481Apple Music : http://itunes.apple.com/album/id/14482. The higher schools of the church Such schools may perhaps play a wider role within the context of the national campaign for literacy and provide more instruction for adults as well as young pupils. He then learns Zeamlakiye (3 verses), Wazema (5 verses). The main reason for wandering in search of schools and teachers is that in rural areas any higher education is not possible for a youth who remains with his parents, except in a few cases of Debtera families. . [6] He invented three forms of chanting. . ? . Traditionally a boy can receive only the Nebab Bet instruction while he is at home. . = [ Prominent Zema bet are at Dbr Abbay (Tgray), Sllkula (Wllo) and Gon Tewodros (Goam). . After leaving the teacher each group moves apart and tries to comment on the text just as the teacher did, as much as possible word for word. At this stage memorization is not felt as a burden by the student, because ever since his early days in the Nebab Bet he has developed his powers of memorization. = , 22 - . 1) The Nebab Bet memorization. Usually a candidate for his training is attached to a priest or monk to whom he gives certain services, accompanying him on visits of families, festivals, and ceremonies in and outside the parish. The teacher either accepts the verses or the offers critical comments and sends the student back for further meditation, students come at intervals to the teacher to recite in the manner. [ . ], 4. In the student an aesthetic interest is developed, or at least awakened. , 1. Not only did it preserve its ancient tradition with tenacity and convey it to future generations but it also secured remarkable continuity that has lasted to the present day. After repeating the entire book of Psalms several times using Wurdnebab, he continues reading for months, even over a year, using the Qum-Nebab reading method. The first subject of study for the child is the set of Geez letters, known as the Fidel. With the spread of modern education and a modern school system this institution is declining. = , 12. () = , 3. . About nine models are famous in the Samenna Worq (wax and gold) Qene system. Qedasse Bet The training of the altar priest = , 8 - ( ) = - ., 9 - ( ) = , 10 - = ( ) - ., 03. Everything there is to Ethiopia from around the web. In turn, the knowledge of Qne bet is a precondition of the study of andmta in the mshaf bet. the functions of deacon and of a priest in the liturgy. The teacher normally does not set a formal examination to judge the work of the pupil. 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