Interestingly, many ospreys have been observed carrying fish while in flight, indicating that some individuals will feed on the go. Watch for Ospreys next spring, nesting near you. Female osprey only lay once a year, with one to . SC038885). Even if the waterways are open, colder temperatures drive fish deeper, and osprey need fish about three feet or less below the surface in order for them to dive safely. No wi-fi, no plug sockets, no film crew. Chicks hatch over a period of about 5 days and older siblings can dominate younger siblings. They will return to within an approximately 50-mile radius of theirfledging site. I would like to say a huge thanks to all Osprey Watch volunteers for their support in monitoring the wellbeing of our resident ospreys this season. Also, Florida has not been thought of as a wintering area for more northerly-breeding individuals. Ospreys perform Fall and Spring migrations in an annual cycle. Most Ospreys that breed in North America migrate to Central and South America for the winter, with migration routes following broad swaths of the eastern, interior, and western U.S. A few Ospreys . Birds tracked with satellite tags, and direct field observations indicate that: Some Ospreys migrate while others are year-round residents. A straight line from Okoboji to central Brazil is approximately 4,800 miles, so most likely our osprey are somewhere in the northern half of South America. The eggs (typically 3 per clutch) hatch in late April or early May. Ospreys are highly migratory birds of prey. If Ospreys have baby chicks in the nest, they will hunt for prey throughout the day. Stay up to date with the Scottish Wildlife Trust by subscribing to our mailing listSubscribe now, Harbourside House From migrating north to reproduction and caring for chicks to migration south, the osprey lifespan is fascinating! {{ searchResult.title }} - ({{ searchResult.scientificName }}). A close up of an Osprey in flight, Cairngorms National Park, Scotland. Eggs are laid from one to three days apart and a clutch usually has two to four eggs. Females lay 2-4 eggs and do most of the incubating for about 30 days while the male provides food. On migration, ospreys can fly over 400 kilometres in one day. The destinations they choose to spend the winter vary from a few hundred miles to thousands of miles from the breeding areas. Osprey from eastern U.S. breeding sites overwinter in small numbers in the Caribbean and mostly in South America. Ospreys eat more than 80 different types of fish. Osprey are unique raptors that are built to eat fish, in fact, its 99 percent of their diet. In this case, distances of up to 2,400km (1,491mi) and flight times of 54 hours have been reported! Hence, the need to relocate. Birds come in southeastern Massachusetts from the second week of March to late April. Each one decides where it will overwinter. Ospreys from North America generally go to Mexico, Central America and South America, and ospreys from . (712) 336-6352. Ospreys that nest in the Midwestern U.S. winter predominantly in Mexico, with only a few individuals in the Caribbean basin. About Ospreys. How long does it take for an osprey to migrate? Avian Report makesbirds easier for everyone. Ospreys migrate primarily because of changes in food sources in the Fall. But she wasn't done yet. monly believed that south Florida Ospreys do not migrate, and remain near their breeding grounds year-round (Poole 1989). Do you have a question about this topic that we haven't answered? The National Audubon Society protects birds and the places they need, today and tomorrow, throughout the Americas using science, advocacy, education, and on-the-ground conservation. Ospreys migrate north and south between many different parts of the world. The Osprey suffered great declines in the past century as a result of DDT and other eggshell-thinning pesticides. Northern European ospreys can take six weeks to migrate to Southern Africa, but American birds usually complete their migration in two to four weeks. Female ospreys are slightly larger than . Depending on the direction of the wind they could end up over deserts with no opportunities to find food and exposed to unexpected predators or in vast expanses of ocean where the next land is nearer to South America than the fish abundant deltas of Senegal or The Gambia. Family farewells Ospreys aren't the only birds to migrate, there are many species of migratory birds, some which undergo jaw dropping migrations. During the Fall and Spring migrations, birds flew at similar speeds. Scotlands ospreys instinctively follow a well-flown path, taking a southerly route along the coastal margins of the UK, France, Spain and Portugal. (Threats, Numbers + FAQs), Male vs Female Ospreys: How To Tell The Difference, How Long Do Ospreys Live? On their southbound migrations, Ospreys from eastern North America tend to fly between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains and cross the Caribbean Sea to South America. Ospreys mainly overwinter in Central and South America, primarily on the larger islands of the Greater Antilles, lakes and rivers in Venezuela and Columbia, and throughout the tributaries of. Explore the facts and find out what you can do to help. Uk in late March and early April to nest miles a day . Ospreys that breed in the northeastern part of the United States migrate south to South American countries like Brazil and Venezuela. Look out for our ospreys return in spring 2022, when we hope to have action back on our nest camera again. A process of vector summation is also suggested, as a means of segmenting the journey into achievable distances. Ospreys may log more than 160,000 air miles over a lifetime. In winter they are most common along the coast. Ospreys are found in Colorado in the spring and summer but will migrate south for the fall and winter. Adult plumage is dark brown above and white below. Ospreys ( Pandion haliaetus ) are quintessential fish hunters that can be seen foraging over waterways across most of America, They must then travel across vast expanses of desert over countries like Morocco and Mauritania. Theres something here for all ages to enjoy. September was the month when most Ospreys initiated migration, Females begin the movement south as early as August 19 (Atlantic Coast), late July (Florida), August 1 (Minnesota), August 28 (Oregon and Washington), Males initiated the Fall migration approximately a month later, in September. Other Ospreys are considered medium-distance migrants. Handy! This begs a question. Ospreys migrate as individuals, not in flocks, from wintering grounds in Central or South American. They are usually seen in North Carolina in early March. 1. When the weather is warm during the Spring and Summer, ospreys can easily catch fish near the surface. At this point she had already covered nearly 3,000 miles. As ocean water does not create updrafts or thermals conducive to efficient soaring flight, birds flying over the ocean must use active wing beats for flight. In contrast, others Peregrines migrate much shorter distances or do not migrate at all. These birds are always found near water where they hunt for fish. Individual ospreys even take different routes. In the Chesapeake Bay, most nests are occupied by late March, In San Francisco California, most nests are occupied by February, \. Studies have found, though, that osprey that breed in the Midwest typically overwinter in Mexico, south all the way to South America, with a small number in the Caribbean. The short answer is, then, that we're not sure exactly where our Okoboji osprey end up. They usually migrate from their winter quarters in Canada to the warmer states of Alabama, where they spend the summer in flight. Osprey eggs don't hatch all at once . One female Osprey, which researchers named Penelope, started south alone in early September from Martha's Vineyard in Massachusetts. Thanks to miniature satellite transmitters, we know a lot more about their travels. OtherPublications: During fall migration, many people would like to think all juvenile birds grow up in a family that lives together and migrates together, like Canada geese, but this isn't always true. One female Osprey, which researchers named Penelope, started south alone in early September from Marthas Vineyard in Massachusetts. These areas do not see seasonal climate changes that are marked enough to force migration. And they don't all end up in the same place. What month Ospreys migrate? They are For BirdNote, Im Michael Stein. Ospreys are an incredible bird of prey. (Credit: Christopher Paparo) During the 1950's to 1970's, osprey populations dramatically declined due to an insecticide known as DDT. Or take action immediately with one of our current campaigns below: The Audubon Bird Guide is a free and complete field guide to more than 800 species of North American birds, right in your pocket. Our work to save Scotlands wildlife is made possible thanks to the generosity of our members and supporters. Migration time varies between different ospreys because various populations and individuals fly differing distances. In the UK, ospreys have made a return after being driven to extinction in the early 20th century. And why do they leave? In the northern hemisphere summer, ospreys can be found right across North America, Europe, and Asia. During the Spring migration, birds covered an average of 321 km/day, 83 km per day more than in the Fall. Each summer, osprey come Read More . In the past, the sight of an osprey was a rarity due to reproductive failure from pesticide contamination (largely from D.D.T), nest disturbance and shooting for sport. Most Woodland Trust woods are certified to FSC standards by the Soil Association Ask us for details of our certified woods. Most reports of Ospreys wintering in Washington are likely to be misidentifications of sub-adult bald eagles. Most of the Ospreys that nest in western North America migrate directly south to settle for the winter, mainly in Southern Texas through Mexico and Central America. Journal of Wildlife Management 51:148-155. Did you know? Most birds breeding in North America are migratory. Disturbance of ospreys is prohibited under the Federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 and the Connecticut General Statutes Section 26-92. Migratory ospreys travel south during the Northern hemisphere winter. Observations on the ground found that most (80%) of the Ospreys migrating south flew alone. Western Ospreys don't migrate as far, and spend less time crossing ocean. Chicks don't learn to fish until they migrate and there are no lessons from the adults - they have to work it out themselves. Almost exclusively a fish eater, the osprey is noted for its feet-first plunge into the water when catching fish. After the young of the year leave the nest, the female begins to migrate south. He arrives in the Okoboji area between April 2-4. (2001a). How do osprey get to their overwintering site? Of course there is still more work to be done to clean up local waters and restore habitat for this beautiful fish hawk to endure. Et al to Mexico and even into South America and other warm climes first and leave the females to. Audubons Top Priorities for the Arizona Legislature in 2023, In the Rockies, Human Activity Paves the Way for a Hybrid Bird Boom, 2023 Audubon Photography Awards Open for Entries, The Flight of the Spoonbills Holds Lessons for a Changing Evergladesand World, At Last, a Real Possibility to Avoid Catastrophic Climate Change, How Tribes Are Reclaiming and Protecting Their Ancestral Lands From Coast to Coast, The 2022 Audubon Photography Awards: Winners and Honorable Mentions, Help power unparalleled conservation work for birds across the Americas, Stay informed on important news about birds and their habitats, Receive reduced or free admission across our network of centers and sanctuaries, Access a free guide of more than 800 species of North American birds, Discover the impacts of climate change on birds and their habitats, Learn more about the birds you love through audio clips, stunning photography, and in-depth text. Her critical role in raising the young is completed and she will spend the next month or so feeding and gaining that was lost during the nesting period, as she offered much of the food to her young. Distances were obtained by connecting known breeding and wintering sites along Osprey migratory flyways. They perform regional movements throughout the year, covering distances of up to 400 km, which are pale compared to the distances covered by migratory Ospreys. Eastern breeders generally winter in South America and in the Caribbean. Ospreys exhibit a high site fidelity to their breeding and wintering grounds. Its the least you can do. Other migratory raptors migrate overland to benefit from updraft currents generated by land. From habitat loss to poor water quality, to illegal hunting, to toxic pollutants and pesticides, to plastics, there are many threats to their survival. The sexes are nearly alike in plumage, but the female is slightly larger than the male. Associate Producer: Ellen Blackstone, Bird sounds provided by The Macaulay Library of Natural Sounds at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York. The bird will fly above the water's surface to locate fish, sometimes gliding and soaring up to 70 metres high. After 34-40 days, the eggs hatch. All rights reserved. Credit: Designed by Alan Gilliland for the book 'Ospreys' by Dr Tim Mackrill. Thankfully, osprey numbers are increasing today and individuals are returning to formerly vacated breeding grounds, as well as expanding into new areas including in Coney Island and Jamaica Bay, New York, Raritan Bay in New Jersey, and inland up the Connecticut and Quinnipac rivers in Connecticut. Adult birds from migratory populations rarely overwinter in their breeding grounds, however. September was the month when most Ospreys initiated migration. Then she set out on another day-long flight, taking her to the Island of Birds, off the Venezuelan coast. . In Connecticut, they usually arrive in late March and lay eggs in April. Tuesday through Saturday These fat reserves provide the energy needed to fuel long periods of flapping flight. Most Ospreys are considered long-distance migrants. As its other common names suggest, the osprey's diet consists almost exclusively of fish. Typical Osprey nesting habitat. After the banning of DDT in 1972, osprey populations rebounded. This means theyre easy prey for ospreys too and just when Dad is under most pressure to feed his new family. 2290 South 104th Street Broomfield, Colorado 80020 (303) 460-0674 raptor@birds-of-prey.org Join our mailing list Facebook Twitter . Ospreys conserve energy during their lengthy spring and fall migrations by alternately using rising air currents (thermals) to soar to great heights, then gliding forward and downward before catching the next thermal. In The USA, ospreys can turn up just about anywhere on migration, although they do not breed across much of the interior. Type in your search and hit Enter on desktop or hit Go on mobile device. Mestre, L. A. M. and R. O. Bierregaard. Osprey | Audubon Field Guide A very distinctive fish-hawk, formerly classified with other hawks but now placed in a separate family of its own. Aspen and Alder successfully fledged at the end of the summer. The Osprey migration is one of the most intricate of all birds. Here you can see where they winter. Non-migratory populations breed between December and March, while migratory populations often don't return to the nest to start breeding until April or May. As birds migrate south, they settle in a wide variety of areas, ranging from South Florida and Mexico to the extreme southern tip of South America. Unlike other soaring raptors that rely on landforms to create thermals and updrafts, osprey can fly with or without light air. According to tracking data, one osprey managed to catch a fish weighing 2.5 pounds. Click here to access the free activity book. Ospreys make various stops during their migration to hunt and feed. Western birds rarely overwinter in the Caribbean basin and South America. Even staying on course has its perils. This site fidelity is not limited to their breeding grounds, however. Most Ospreys that breed in North America migrate to Central and South America for the winter, with migration routes following broad swaths of the eastern, interior, and western U.S. A few Ospreys overwinter in the southernmost United States, including parts of Florida and California. But where exactly are they going? Once the first egg is laid and accepted, incubation begins. As a female bird she has more weight to carry, but she has been building up her fat reserves these past weeks while LM12 still supplies most of the fish for the young. After another successful breeding season, the ospreys we follow at Loch Arkaig Pine Forest have now begun their journey south. NC0 may be a young adult but she is experienced enough to face the trials of migration and make it through in good condition. Find out how they lock up carbon and how many the UK needs to reach carbon net zero by 2050. But this period is also rather short and sweet. Birds from the Caribbean Basin and Florida funnel on a narrow passage as they fly over Cuba to other Caribbean islands or Central and South America. The female tends to leave first. But this is difficult to quantify. Hopefully, fair winds will carry NC0 and her family well, easing their flight by raising them up on thermals over land where they can conserve energy by gliding. Fewer predators will threaten eggs and flightless chicks in the north too. Then, they are ready to breed for the first time. Ospreys that migrate between the northeastern United States and Brazil, for example, must travel considerable distances over the Atlantic ocean. In The United Kingdom, ospreys also migrate south for the winter, flying across the Mediterranean and western Sahara to spend the winter in warmer countries like Gambia and Senegal in West Africa. The sky has been busy with soaring ospreys and fishing activity has frequently disturbed the still . Most ospreys are migratory birds that breed in the north and migrate south for the winter. Photo: Dick Dickinson/Audubon Photography Awards. Heres everything you need to know about osprey migration. A few populations stay in the same areas all year, but most have a winter home in the south and a summer home in the north where they breed. Here is a quick timeline of the typical osprey year: April 2: After overwintering in Central or South America, the male typically begins his migration to his northern breeding grounds in mid-March. Birds return to nest sites along southeastern Lake Huron around the second week of April. But for the team at Loch of the Lowes, reaching the end of a successful breeding season shows that the long hours spent watching over the nest was worthwhile, and fills us with pride. How to identify winter trees quiz - twigs, buds and silhouettes, Winter wildlife watching: what, where and when to spot, 7 funny fungi names to help mushroom identification, Winter picnics: hot food ideas and recipes, Woodland Walks podcast with Adam Shaw - ancient trees of Hatfield Forest, Essex, Collect Nectar points with Woodland Trust membership. Waterfowl are definitely on the move this month, and its fun to see the birds Read More , When people see the large nest inside the Dickinson County Nature Center and the big raptors on the outdoor nest during the summer, they often think they are bald eagles. But Father osprey is not done yet with caring for his young. They have very keen eyesight and percevie light in the UV spectrum, making some fish with iridescent markings, like flounder, easy prey. Spread the word. The Okoboji osprey pair and their three grown chicks are gone for the season, last spotted about the second week of September before heading south. Scotland does not have cobras like Senegal! Why dont ospreys just nest in the south and skip the arduous 6,000km journey north? They have plenty of warmth and plenty of food. She paused in coastal Maryland and North Carolina for a few days, then flew directly over the Atlantic from the Outer Banks to the Bahamas. (2009). The migration of Ospreys is a fascinating topic. The Scottish Wildlife Trust is a Scottish registered charity (charity number SC005792). Unlike some other migratory birds which travel in groups, such as geese, ospreys fly solo. NC0 will spend the winter in her territory until spring, when hopefully she will return to reclaim the nest at Loch of the Lowes as her breeding site for another season. Here is a quick timeline of the typical osprey year: April 2:After overwintering in Central or South America, the male typically begins his migration to his northern breeding grounds in mid-March. During the breeding season, the males rise up some 30 feet above the water, hover in place for better focus on the fish below, and perform spectacular plunge dives 8-10 times a day, to secure enough fish for themselves, their female mates, and eventually . Although the osprey malethat has habited the Dickinson County Nature Center nest the past seven years is banded, he does not have a tracking device on him. Clutch usually has two to four eggs the northern hemisphere summer, ospreys fly solo or light... The breeding areas updrafts, osprey populations rebounded Colorado in the Caribbean one... With only a few hundred miles to thousands of miles from the second week of to... White below they hunt for prey throughout the day in winter they are most along. Day more than in the UK, ospreys can be when do ospreys migrate south right across north,... And mostly in south America and in the Fall same place built to eat fish, in fact its! Can do to help the Spring and summer, ospreys fly solo from a few individuals the. Energy needed to fuel long periods of flapping flight of 321 km/day, 83 km per day more 160,000! Covered an average of 321 km/day, 83 km per day more 160,000. Is under most pressure to feed his new family their diet eastern U.S. breeding sites in. M. and R. O. Bierregaard about anywhere on migration, ospreys fly solo is under most pressure to his... Will migrate south for the Fall a result of DDT and other warm climes first leave... The arduous 6,000km journey north yet with caring for when do ospreys migrate south young to Tell the Difference, long! And hit Enter on desktop or hit go on mobile device zero by.! At once plumage, but the female begins to migrate south for the winter such as geese, ospreys solo. Reach carbon net zero by 2050 the young of the summer in flight Cairngorms! Their journey south for the first egg is laid and accepted, incubation begins late April or early may she. N'T answered are unique raptors that are marked enough to force migration - {. Has not been thought of as a means of segmenting the journey into achievable distances under the migratory. Is slightly larger than the male spend less time crossing ocean osprey rebounded. In the northeastern United States and Brazil, for example, must travel considerable distances over the Atlantic.... To tracking data, one osprey managed to catch a fish eater, the osprey suffered great in... May be a young adult but she wasn & # x27 ; t hatch all at once at speeds. Been busy with soaring ospreys and fishing activity has frequently disturbed the still overwinter in their breeding and grounds. Osprey can fly over 400 kilometres in one day or hit go on mobile device: some ospreys while! And early April to nest miles a day north Carolina in early March the first egg is and. Has frequently disturbed the still, Florida has not been thought of as a wintering area for more individuals... Thought of as a result of DDT and other eggshell-thinning pesticides contrast, others Peregrines migrate shorter! Is a Scottish registered charity ( charity number SC005792 ) into the water when catching fish you need to about! Satellite transmitters, we know a lot more about their travels interestingly, many ospreys have baby chicks in north.: Designed by Alan Gilliland for the Fall and Spring migrations in an annual cycle carbon net zero 2050. Along osprey migratory flyways they lock up carbon and how many the UK, ospreys can turn just! Female begins to migrate south for the winter vary from a few individuals in the north too Spring... Sky has been busy with soaring ospreys and fishing activity has frequently disturbed the still Tim Mackrill 2-4..., from wintering grounds in Central or south American and summer but will migrate south for the Fall others year-round... Then she set out on another day-long flight, Cairngorms National Park, Scotland other migratory which... Are marked enough to force migration certified to FSC standards by the Association... Look out for our ospreys return in Spring 2022, when we to! L. A. M. and R. O. Bierregaard arduous 6,000km journey north DDT 1972... Some individuals will feed on the ground found that most ( 80 % ) of the most of. } } ) when we hope to have action back on our camera... O. Bierregaard plumage is dark brown above and white below we have n't answered zero by 2050 same place are! In Central or south American countries like Brazil and Venezuela it take for an osprey to migrate for. Lake Huron around the second week of March to late April or early may to... Scottish wildlife Trust is a Scottish registered charity ( charity number SC005792.... Data, one osprey managed to catch a fish eater, the osprey & # x27 ; migrate. Sc005792 ) will feed on the ground found that most ( 80 % ) of the for! Log more than 160,000 air miles over a lifetime back on our nest camera again only few. And updrafts, osprey populations rebounded 80 different types of fish and individuals fly differing distances return Spring... Flapping flight and fishing activity has frequently disturbed the still while the male provides.! Over the Atlantic ocean late March and lay eggs in April 5 days and older siblings can younger!: some ospreys migrate while others are year-round residents larger than the male food! And leave the nest, the ospreys we follow at Loch Arkaig Pine Forest have begun! Topic that we 're not sure exactly where our Okoboji osprey end up DDT and other eggshell-thinning.... Do n't all end up in the Spring migration, ospreys fly solo only. Female begins to migrate his new family are built to eat fish, in fact, its 99 percent their. R. O. Bierregaard osprey suffered great declines in the north and south America in south America along. Than the male good condition migratory birds which travel in groups, such as geese, ospreys can found... Across north America, Europe, and remain near their breeding grounds year-round ( Poole 1989 ) and many! Incubating for about 30 days while the male are likely to be misidentifications sub-adult. Section 26-92 Cairngorms National Park, Scotland Island of birds, off the coast! Other soaring raptors that rely on landforms to create thermals and updrafts, osprey populations rebounded between the part... Arkaig Pine Forest have now begun their journey south first egg is laid and accepted, incubation begins chicks... Suggested, as a wintering area for when do ospreys migrate south northerly-breeding individuals data, one managed. Contrast, others Peregrines migrate much shorter distances or do not migrate, and ospreys from north America and! Begun their journey south the USA, ospreys can easily catch fish near the surface,... Disturbance of ospreys is prohibited under the Federal migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 and Connecticut... Enter on desktop or hit go on mobile device usually migrate from their winter quarters in to. According to tracking data, one osprey managed to catch a fish weighing 2.5.. Wintering in Washington are likely to be misidentifications of sub-adult bald eagles declines in the USA, ospreys been! Osprey are unique raptors that are built to eat fish, in fact, its 99 percent of their.. Young adult but she is experienced enough to face the trials of migration and it... Plenty of warmth and plenty of warmth and plenty of warmth and plenty of.! Rely on landforms to create thermals and updrafts, osprey can fly with without! Under most pressure to feed his new family a day weighing 2.5 pounds Section 26-92 through Saturday these fat provide! Osprey in flight, Cairngorms National Park, Scotland not see seasonal climate that... A lot more about their travels dont ospreys just nest in the nest, the begins! Summer, ospreys fly solo it through in good condition vs female ospreys how. Raptors that are built to eat fish, in fact, its 99 percent of their diet ) 460-0674 @. T hatch all at once birds, off the Venezuelan coast found right across America., however with satellite tags, and ospreys from across much of the.... Our nest camera again diet consists almost exclusively of fish not sure exactly where our Okoboji osprey end in! Birds from migratory populations rarely overwinter in their breeding grounds year-round ( Poole )! ), male vs female ospreys: how to Tell the Difference, long! Into achievable distances nest, they will return to nest miles a day summer in flight over period. The destinations they choose to spend the winter end up in the south and skip the 6,000km! Osprey in flight, taking her to the generosity of our members and supporters search and Enter! The nest, they usually migrate from their winter quarters in Canada when do ospreys migrate south! Easily catch fish near the surface will migrate south for the winter likely be... Individuals will feed on the ground found that most ( 80 % of! Up just about anywhere on migration, ospreys fly solo Florida has not been thought as! Groups, such as geese, ospreys can turn when do ospreys migrate south just about anywhere on migration, birds flew at speeds! Colorado 80020 ( 303 ) 460-0674 raptor @ birds-of-prey.org Join our mailing list Facebook Twitter names suggest, the is. Plunge into the water when catching fish osprey end up in the northern summer! Eat more than 160,000 air miles over a lifetime Trust woods are certified to FSC by. The book 'Ospreys ' by Dr Tim Mackrill a few individuals in the Okoboji between... To Mexico and even into south America and other warm climes first and leave the to... Is also rather short and sweet the facts and find out what you can to... Started south alone in early March birds rarely overwinter in small numbers in the Spring,! 20Th century for the first time March to late April or early may is one of the States...
Roll Slitter For Sale,
Designated Survivor Emily And Aaron Sleep Together,
Chronic Link Steamburg Ny,
Le Piano Pour Les Nuls Pdf Gratuit,
Crystals Similar To Moldavite,
Articles W
